According to two former senior defense officials, the disclosure advocacy community welcomes those directives. However, they’re also calling for further policy changes to impel improved reporting and transparency from the government on unidentified anomalous phenomena — or UAP, the modernized term for UFOs and associated transmedium objects — that could threaten U.S. national security.

“More can — and should — always be done,” Christopher Mellon, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for intelligence, told DefenseScoop. 

The legislative text targeting Defense Department and military-led efforts on UAP in the massive bill include:

• Sec. 1555 — to require briefings on UAP intercepts by North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Northern Command 
• Sec. 1556 — to require a consolidated security classification guidance matrix for programs relating to UAP 
• Sec. 1561 — to require the consolidation of reporting requirements applicable to the Pentagon’s All Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)

In separate discussions last week, Mellon and a former senior military officer provided analyses of the NDAA and their latest recommendations to Congress in response to those proposals. 

‘Low-hanging fruit’

The Pentagon has a storied but complicated history confronting technologies and craft that insiders have reported performing in ways that seem to transcend the capabilities of contemporary assets. At a high level, the DOD’s mechanisms to study what it now refers to as UAP have taken different forms over the decades. 

The most recent iteration — known as the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office, or AARO — was officially launched under the Biden administration in 2022 to fulfill a mandate in that year’s NDAA. 

The office achieved full operational capacity in 2024. Although its establishment largely stemmed from mounting calls for Pentagon transparency on UAP, government officials have been mostly secretive about AARO’s projects and caseload of dozens of open investigations. 

Still, AARO’s responsibilities have expanded as the organization matures, and particularly as it has been charged with helping the department resolve the recent uptick of mysterious drone incursions at military bases and other sensitive national security sites. 

Building on those tasks, the Senate Armed Services Committee’s NDAA draft includes requirements that would require Northcom and NORAD to alert AARO and Congress about any time they intercept a potential UAP.

Mellon — a longtime UAP transparency proponent who served as deputy assistant secretary of defense during the Clinton and Bush administrations, and later, an influential Senate staff member — said he’s been advocating for such a directive for years.

“NORAD’s historical failure to inform AARO of UAP incidents is inconsistent with the intent of Congress when AARO was created as the central repository and conduit to Congress for all UAP data in the U.S. government. Currently, by the time AARO learns of these intercepts — if it does at all — NORAD’s critical sensor data is often no longer available. But Congress clearly needs this information to determine, among other things, how effective the U.S. air surveillance network is,” he said.

He said this section would mark a “welcome step” towards oversight, if passed. But in his view, more needs to be done. 

“In many cases, for instance, Navy ships report UAP sightings from areas where Air Force radars and aircraft operate but, strangely, these systems appear to report no UAP. At the same time, many official UAP reports refer to U.S. fighters chasing UAP over or near the continental United States … Where is that data? If the Air Force fully and properly reported to AARO, then Congress — and the American people — may even learn of UAP in space or in orbit,” Mellon said. “At a time of rapid advancements in drone and aerospace technology for America’s adversaries, better domain awareness, including in the space domain, is critical for ensuring the nation’s security.”

Elsewhere in the legislation is a provision that would result in a consolidation of all the disparate reporting requirements applicable to AARO. 

“While we appreciate that the [Intelligence Community] and Pentagon often face redundant reporting requirements to Congress, the matter of UAP — where Congress has only lately begun to extend its oversight — is not one of those areas,” Mellon said. 

He also raised concerns about one change to an existing law that currently requires all UAP data to be delivered “immediately” to AARO. 

“The proposed provision appears to restrict AARO’s now-immediate access right by requiring UAP data to be delivered to it ‘in a manner that protects intelligence sources and methods.’ But who makes that determination? AARO is independently empowered elsewhere by statute to receive all UAP data and should retain unfettered access to it. It knows how to protect intelligence sources and methods. There should not be provisions of this sort that could be interpreted to create impediments to AARO’s access rights under law,” Mellon said.

Beyond those inclusions, the bill would require AARO to issue a consolidated security classification guide relating to UAP investigations and events.

“Since I provided historic gun camera footage of Navy warplane encounters with UAP incidents to The New York Times and The Washington Post in 2017, the release of additional footage by the government has all but stopped. In fact, shortly after that footage was aired, the Pentagon cloaked under order of secrecy virtually everything about its UAP investigation,” Mellon noted. “That was wrong, and it’s past time for the current draconian classification guide to change.”

At the same time, even if the requirement passes and a new declassification guide were enacted, he said AARO would still retain ample discretion to keep many UAP records from the public. So instead, Mellon suggested, the office should be mandated by law to routinely submit unclassified videos through the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review for secure dissemination.

“Despite the earlier pledge to Congress by the Department of the Navy to release more records, it appears that the Pentagon, AARO, and the IC don’t view Congress and the public as having a legitimate ‘need to know’ about the wealth of UAP footage the government has within its clasp. That is low-hanging fruit for Congress to fix,” Mellon said.

‘The big picture’

Retired Navy Rear Adm. Timothy Gallaudet previously led Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command and served as Oceanographer of the Navy. He deployed on multiple tours afloat during his career in uniform, and later served as the Senate-confirmed assistant secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere after retiring from the military in 2017, during the first Trump administration.

During his retirement, Gallaudet has opened up about his experiences on active duty observing now-verified video footage of UAP and unidentified submerged objects (USO) captured by colleagues — and his efforts to help destigmatize this previously taboo topic across the U.S. military.

When asked about his views on the UAP inclusions in the NDAA legislation, Gallaudet pointed to the UAP Disclosure Act (UAPDA), which was first introduced in 2023. That bill has seen continued support in the Senate, but has not been passed to date. It seeks to enable much deeper congressional oversight on UAP-related activities and operations.

“In my opinion, these UAP provisions are all good individually, but the bigger picture is that they dilute, distract, and compete with the authorities and priority of the UAP review board in the UAPDA. I do not think the fragmented approach which they represent is the best path forward, and what is needed is a whole of government approach that the UAPDA will bring us closer to,” Gallaudet told DefenseScoop.

Mellon also mentioned the UAPDA in a separate discussion, noting that the UAP Disclosure Fund — a civil society organization dedicated to protecting whistleblowers and promoting government accountability, on which he serves as chairman of the board — fully supports its passage.

“We hope to see that transparency measure included in the next version of the NDAA by way of a manager’s amendment on the Senate floor. We also hope that the House takes commensurate action to ensure that this vital legislation is enacted into binding law,” Mellon said.

He partnered with two other members of the UAPDF’s leadership team, Hunt Willis and Kirk McConnell, to co-author an upcoming policy brief for Congress, policymakers and potential whistleblowers that addresses a misperception they’ve encountered among possible sources of confidential information that they can’t disclose classified details to Congress behind closed doors. 

Notably, Rep. Eric Burlison (R-MO) recently expressed frustration at the hesitancy of potential witnesses to step forward as the House Oversight Committee’s task force plans for hearings in the coming months.

The new policy brief, viewed by DefenseScoop ahead of its publication, spotlights legal reasons to demonstrate that lawmakers are “fully authorized to receive classified information and endowed with a clear ‘need to know’ given their oversight responsibilities.”

More broadly, regarding the proposals that have made it into the fiscal 2026 NDAA draft so far, Mellon noted that the UAPDF’s hope is that they’ll help to pave the way for a virtuous cycle, where “more information leads to greater understanding of, and interest in, UAP, impelling further legislation to obtain the release of still more UAP information.” 

“This cycle will help to build consensus across Congress — not within a few pockets of a few committees — for broader reforms in this centrally important issue, leading to greater transparency for the American people,” Mellon said.

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“I don’t think the public is aware of the extent of our airspace vulnerabilities and failures, and the degree to which they’ve already been exploited and are being exploited today, and the challenge that we face in trying to sort this out,” Christopher Mellon, the former deputy assistant secretary of defense for intelligence, said during an event hosted on Capitol Hill by the UAP Disclosure Fund and the House Committee on Oversight and Accountability.

Across multiple sessions at the hourslong summit, Mellon and other national security and research experts — including Dr. Avi Loeb, a Harvard professor, and retired Rear Adm. Tim Gallaudet, former oceanographer of the Navy — spotlighted recent incidents involving UAP and drones impacting military and civilian infrastructure. 

They also called on Congress to introduce new investments and proposals to help confront challenges associated with the Pentagon’s detection capabilities and what they view as the over-classification of certain UAP records and data.

The U.S. government has a long, complicated history dealing with technologies observed to perform in ways that seem to transcend what’s possible with contemporary capabilities. But with mounting pressure from the public and high-profile proponents over the past decade, Congress has made a series of recent moves to destigmatize the UAP topic, and more strategically investigate perplexing encounters with unidentifiable craft — including by requiring the Pentagon to launch the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) via the fiscal 2023 National Defense Authorization Act.

At the event Thursday, Mellon and other expert panelists praised that recent progress, but argued that further coordination and accountability measures are needed.

“One of my career frustrations in the intelligence community has been that we have incredible sensors that are far more than $1 billion dollars, and we have a great many of them, and they are collecting information today which is directly pertinent to this topic,” Mellon said. “But that information is not reaching Congress. It’s not reaching the scientific community. In many cases, I don’t think it’s reaching AARO, which is the office that Congress established to study and evaluate this phenomenon.” 

He recommended that the lawmakers in attendance consider mandating a U.S. government- and military-wide assessment of sensor systems collecting data that could support ongoing UAP examinations — as well as an evaluation of classification issues that are preventing the release of unclassified data.

Mellon noted that shortly after he provided three unclassified videos of reported UAP incursions captured by military personnel to the New York Times in 2017, “somebody created the classification guide” inside the government and “we suddenly said, ‘in contradiction to the executive order on classification signed by the president, that essentially, anything having to do with UAP is now suddenly mystically classified because it might damage national security.’”

“Not only did they not damage national security, they helped national security,” Mellon said. “They helped raise an awareness for the public and for Congress that we have an air defense problem here, and the scientific community is very eager to get more of those kinds of videos, because they want to train AI systems. They want to know what it is we’re looking for. They want to measure the signatures.”

During a separate panel at the engagement, Gallaudet also pointed to his frustrations with what he referred to as “over-classification and a deliberate, decades-long disinformation campaign by the U.S. Department of Defense and the intelligence community.”

He and the other participants further discussed recent examples of UAP encounters shared by commercial pilots and military officials who experienced them firsthand.

“Consider the extraordinary report I received this weekend when a former U.S. Navy SH-60 Seahawk helicopter crew chief, who was embarked on the carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower in 2021, described to me his reporting on forward-looking infrared video of a metallic sphere at an altitude a few 100 feet above the ship, traveling along a linear trajectory, horizontal to sea surface before it accelerated into the horizon at incredible speed, disappearing completely upon landing,” Gallaudet said.

“Moreover, this was not an isolated event for the Eisenhower Strike Group. During that deployment they saw many, many instances of UAP — primarily F-18s frequently encountering them at high altitude, and this topic was widely discussed by the Air Wing during the entire deployment,” he said.

In his presentation, Mellon also detailed multiple reports of what appeared to be drones and swarms of baffling aircraft in restricted military airspace since 2019. For instance, while the average drone is restricted to a flight of 450 feet, he said at Arizona test ranges in 2023 F-35 fighter jet pilots reported encountering drones at up to 35,000 feet, going 500 miles per hour.

“We don’t know what is operating in our airspace — and this continues, often in militarily sensitive areas,” Mellon said. 

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The Congress members are looking to institutionalize more accountability and disclosure from federal agencies on the historically taboo topic.

“This is not a one-time thing. It’s clear this is not a one-time data dump. This is a systemic change to the process in the way that we are transparent with the American people, and with that we’re working on legislation that will put that into practice,” Rep. Eric Burlison, R-Mo., said Thursday.

Burlison, as well as Reps. Anna Luna, R-Fla., and Tim Burchett, R-Tenn., unveiled those plans during a multi-session congressional briefing on “Understanding UAP: Science, National Security and Innovation,” hosted on Capitol Hill by the UAP Disclosure Fund in collaboration with the House Committee on Oversight and Accountability.

There, the Congress members heard presentations and participated in open-table discussions from a range of high-profile scientists and former government officials, including Harvard University Professor Dr. Avi Loeb, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Christopher Mellon and former oceanographer of the Navy retired Rear Adm. Tim Gallaudet.

“I’ve spoken to [U.S. military personnel] that are still in active duty and their sightings of UAP have become so numerous that they are desensitized to the phenomenon. My point being that the Navy possesses a trove of video evidence and data regarding UAP, and I see no reason why [certain] footage of UAP [on] Navy training ranges cannot be declassified and shared with the scientific community,” Gallaudet said.

At various points during the hours-long event, the lawmakers expressed aims to continue to build momentum for UAP transparency in the U.S. government, including via two upcoming congressional hearings Luna announced.

“One is going to be government-focused. We are asking various appointees, I don’t want to release the names yet, but we have been getting good responses from them and we will make those names known soon — as well as military and former military that will be coming forward,” Luna said.

“Also I want to note that we were told by one of Mr. Burleson’s staffers that’s helping us to lead up this investigation about someone that wants to come forward in regards to a crash retrieval program. So that’s pretty interesting to hear someone going on record about that,” she added.

On the sidelines of the event, Burchett told DefenseScoop that the committee will continue to host briefings with the UAP Disclosure Fund and other advocates to raise awareness, gain insights from experts and inform future policy moves or legislation. 

“We’re just going to get more support and maybe make [the legislation] more precise and concise — and I think that that’s going to help a lot,” Burchett said.

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They did so at an invite-only summit hosted on the Hill by the non-partisan UAP Disclosure Fund, on the heels of the House Oversight and Accountability Committee’s latest hearing on the issue earlier that day. This marked the first time in history that an advocacy group explicitly focused on the formerly more taboo topic of UAP has ever hosted an event inside the Capitol, those leading it said.

“The U.S. government has not been transparent enough about what it knows. UAP transparency is a marathon. It took many decades to result in the status quo of over-classification, and it will likely take time to find the right balance between protecting our national security and an acceptable level of disclosure,” Sen. Mike Rounds, R-S.D., noted.

Humans have long speculated about seemingly unexplainable objects that appear to do things that transcend the capabilities of modern technology — from flying saucers to modern and transmedium UAP.

The Pentagon’s secretive and complicated history grappling with this issue spans decades. 

“For many years, I was entrusted with protecting some of our nation’s most sensitive programs,” Lue Elizondo, a former intelligence officer who was involved in a now disbanded Pentagon task force studying sky-based anomalies, said during his testimony at the briefing.

“Let me be clear: UAP are real. Advanced technologies not made by our government — or any other government — are monitoring sensitive military installations around the globe. Furthermore, the U.S. is in possession of UAP technologies, as are some of our adversaries. I believe we are in the midst of a multi-decade secretive arms race, one funded by misallocated taxpayer dollars and hidden from our elected representatives and oversight bodies,” Elizondo, who recently published a New York Times bestseller about his experience, testified.

Pentagon officials have maintained that they’ve found no credible evidence thus far of non-human or extraterrestrial activity.

In direct response to mounting public pressure over recent years, via the fiscal 2022 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress mandated the Defense Department to set up its latest UAP investigation team known as the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO).

During the hearing on Wednesday, multiple lawmakers suggested the office’s ongoing pursuits, as Rep. Nancy Mace, R-S.C., put it, have “stoked suspicions that AARO is unable, or perhaps unwilling, to bring forward the truth about the government’s activities concerning UAPs.”

“I’m disturbed that AARO itself lacks transparency — even its budget is kept from the public. So if there is no ‘there’ there, then why are we spending money on it? And how much? Why the secrecy? If it’s really no big deal and there’s nothing there, why hide it from the American people?” Mace said. 

Throughout the hearing, lawmakers and witnesses spotlighted examples that they said demonstrate a clear lack of DOD transparency, and the need for even greater oversight.

“While I applaud previous bipartisan legislation passed by Congress concerning UAPs, a more comprehensive approach is needed to address the broader implication of UAP on public safety and national security, as well as the socio-economic opportunities that open UAP research could unlock,” retired Navy Rear Adm. Tim Gallaudet said.

At the UAP Disclosure Fund’s event Wednesday night, Gallaudet doubled down on these claims alongside Elizondo. They were joined by dozens of stakeholders, lawmakers and others in the audience.

“UAP, UFOs are real and they’re interacting with humanity. And we know this without a doubt. Not only that, but there’s some significant implications and effects. We know that there are national security impacts,” Gallaudet, who among other leadership roles previously served as the U.S. Navy’s top oceanographer, said.

Also during the UAPDF event, lawmakers representing both chambers committed to pushing existing proposals and introducing new legislation to enable UAP disclosure and confront the risks such phenomena poses to U.S. national security and public safety.

Sen. Rounds said he’s moving to partner with “colleagues on both sides of the aisle” to re-introduce and enact a law that would establish an official board of officials to comprehensively review federal UAP records and revamp the associated declassification process.

After speaking onstage at the engagement, Rep. Eric Burlison, R-Mo., told DefenseScoop that while he was hoping for another “whistleblower to come forward to testify” on Wednesday, he was pleased with some of the materials submitted and released to the congressional record, via the hearing.

“Usually we’re blocked from even getting access to documents,” Burlison said. 

“And I think the next step is going to be to get [whistleblowers including Elizondo and former federal civilian David Grusch], and to get people from AARO and some other people from the Department of Defense in a SCIF — and let’s see where the truth really is,” he added, using an acronym to refer to a secure compartmented information facility.

Burlison also acknowledged his aims to support some of the latest House legislation that he said would “force UAP disclosure,”and was put forward by Rep. Tim Burchett, R-Tenn. 

One of the most vocal contemporary congressional advocates for UAP oversight across government agencies, Burchett introduced the UAP Transparency Act in May. Shortly before the hearing this week, he put forward the UAP Whistleblower Protection Act.

“Our people really like that [sort of legislation]. So I’m hoping to get more of that kind of thing [put forward]. But I’m very hopeful [incoming President-elect Donald] Trump will come forth with this information and quit trusting people at the Pentagon to tell him the right answer,” Burchett told DefenseScoop. 

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