UAP is the modern term for UFOs and mysterious transmedium objects.

The bill, released Saturday by the House and Senate Armed Services Committees, includes provisions aimed at beefing up the Defense Department’s capabilities for detecting and defeating unmanned aerial systems — which are a growing threat in the United States and abroad.

Just last month, U.S. and U.K. military personnel were actively monitoring installations around and airspace over Royal Air Force Lakenheath, RAF Mildenhall, RAF Feltwell and RAF Fairford for mysterious small drones that have been repeatedly spotted near those bases. Law enforcement agencies have also been responding to public reports about strange drone sightings in New Jersey, according to news outlets.

Section 925 of the NDAA would task the secretary of defense, no later than 30 days after the enactment of the legislation, to establish or designate from existing organizations and personnel of the department a “C-UAS Task Force.’’

“Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through the C-UAS Task Force, shall review and, if necessary, consolidate and update all Department of Defense memoranda and directives related to the countering of unmanned aircraft systems in United States airspace to provide clarity to and an expedited decision-making process for commanders with respect to effectively countering unmanned aircraft systems or unmanned aircraft incursions at military installations in the United States,” the bill states.

In addition to issuing new guidance related to authorities to counter drones, the head of the DOD would be responsible for ensuring that such guidance is included in pre-briefings for any officers that assume command of a military installation in the United States on or after July 1, 2025.

“Not later than 60 days after the issuance of the memoranda, directives, and guidance required by [this legislation] … each commander of a military installation shall issue operating procedures specific to their military installation for countering unmanned aircraft systems at the installation,” the bill states.

The Pentagon chief would also have to provide a report to the congressional defense committees, within 120 days after the date of the enactment of the NDAA on the U.S. military’s counter-drone training efforts.

After the task force is stood up, lawmakers want it to partner with the Pentagon’s All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), which investigates reports of UAP. That organization recently reached “full operational capability,” officials told DefenseScoop.

Section 1089 of the NDAA would mandate cooperation between the UAP office and the task force.

“The Director of the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office of the Department of Defense shall designate one or more employees of the Office to act as a liaison with the Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems Task Force … to improve coordination of efforts and support enabling capabilities of mutual benefit,” the bill states.

The liaisons would be responsible for conducting information-sharing between AARO and the task force on identified or suspected drones, including incident reporting, incident responses, and data on the technical characterization of the known or suspected threats; coordinating the development of technical capabilities for sensing and response to threats; and developing coordinated tactics, techniques and procedures for incident response.

The NDAA must be passed by the full House and Senate and signed by the president to become law.

The bill is moving forward amid concerns among lawmakers and others that some UAP cases could be advanced drones developed by foreign adversaries.

Officials are hoping that sensor technologies built to aid AARO’s work can be used to detect unmanned aerial systems. That office has a prototype system called Gremlin that is being deployed. The Georgia Tech Research Institute developed the Gremlin architecture, which has “several sensing modalities to detect, track, characterize and identify UAP in areas of interest,” officials wrote in a recent AARO report.

At a Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities hearing last month, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, D-N.Y., chair of the subcommittee, noted her concerns about drone incidents near sensitive national security facilities, such as Langley Air Force Base.

“UAS continue to pose significant threats to our national security. In addition to safety of flight issues, these UAS create for our own pilots and air crew, the UAS present clear and undeniable counterintelligence concerns around some of the most sensitive airspace. While standard UAS are not part of AARO’s mission, your work on sensors at military installations across the country will be critical to making sure that we have the domain awareness necessary to accurately identify and track these objects,” she told AARO’s new director, Jon Kosloski. “I expect your office to also pay close attention to any anomalous characteristics that these systems could present in the future.”

Kosloski was asked how his organization might assist the U.S. military and intelligence community with analyzing and identifying drones.

“We are generally going to be supporting them through an advisory capacity as an organization that naturally needs to conduct baseline experiments of the environment to see what normal looks like, whether it’s balloons, birds, anomalous activity, or drones flying through an environment. We’re going to gather a lot of data that will allow us to characterize an environment very well, and then detect and follow those tracks, hopefully rather efficiently. There’s also a lot of overlap in the type of sensors that are going to be used for the counter-UAS mission and the UAP mission, whether that’s active detection, like radars or passive like cameras. And so as AARO is trying to push the bounds on detectability for UAP, we’re hopefully going to have best practices that we can also provide to the counter-UAS [community], and potentially we might have additional technologies that we can offer them to support,” he said.

Last week, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin issued a new classified strategy for countering uncrewed systems. An unclassified fact sheet about the strategy did not explicitly mention AARO.

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This news comes as AARO’s new chief Jon Kosloski prepares to participate in a classified briefing with House Oversight and Accountability Committee members on Friday. 

It also follows recent comments from Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin noting his leadership team’s recognition of the Defense Department’s need to continue to more intentionally and strategically make sense of its steadily growing caseload of reports involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) that could threaten U.S. national security. 

“There are things that happen, that have happened, and probably will continue to happen that are difficult to explain. And so when we encounter things like that, we will go and investigate those things because — whether it’s some really unexplained phenomena or it’s just something that is explainable — we just have to get to the root cause,” Austin told DefenseScoop during a recent trip to Laos.

“We’ve organized our effort to ensure that we can methodically identify and assess these incidents. And I want to thank Congress for continuing to support us with the resources that we need to be effective,” he said.

Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks formally set up AARO in mid-2022. A little over a year after its launch, she mentioned that the office was moving swiftly to achieve the status of full operational capability in fiscal 2024. Sept. 30 marked the last day on that fiscal calendar.

“AARO reached full operational capability as of Oct. 1, 2024. In practical terms, this means AARO now has the requisite personnel, expertise, facilities and tools to carry out its core mission,” DOD spokesperson Sue Gough told DefenseScoop on Thursday.

In prior decades, the Pentagon established more secretive versions of teams to concentrate on UAP, or what is now considered multi-domain, transmedium UFOs. 

But with AARO’s creation — which came largely in response to mounting public and congressional calls for explanations and transparency about increasing reports from government and military personnel who believed they encountered UAP — the Pentagon is receiving more financial backing and scrutiny associated with its investigations than perhaps ever before.

On Nov. 19, Kosloski, who previously served as a longtime physics and engineering leader at the National Security Agency, testified for the first time on the Hill as AARO’s chief at a Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities hearing.

Shortly before that, on Nov. 13, Republicans on the House Oversight and Accountability Committee led a hearing in their chamber where former DOD officials spotlighted fresh concerns about military reports of UAP and what some view as still-ongoing transparency challenges.

A committee spokesperson told DefenseScoop in an email on Thursday that “there will be a bipartisan, classified briefing on Friday” with Kosloski.

“The briefing is open to all members of the Oversight Committee. [Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs Chairman Glenn Grothman, R-Wis.] requested the briefing. This briefing will focus on AARO’s recent annual report, and provide members of the committee the opportunity to ask AARO follow up questions from last month’s UAP hearing,” the spokesperson said.

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The presentation by Jon Kosloski, director of the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), came during a congressional hearing Tuesday with members of the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities.

Lawmakers have been urging the Pentagon to be more transparent about its work on UAP issues and have raised national security concerns about these types of incidents. UAP, an acronym that refers to unidentified anomalous phenomena, is a modern term for UFOs and mysterious transmedium objects.

“A case that we thought would be a transmedium case, as it was reported, is well known on the outside … as the Puerto Rico case,” Kosloski told senators.

The incident he was referring to happened in April 2013 when a U.S. Customs and Border Protection aircraft recorded infrared video of an object over Rafael Hernandez Airport.

“The video appears to show an object traveling at high speed, splitting into two objects, and entering and exiting the water. The object was deemed anomalous based on these initial perceptions,” according to Kosloski’s charts presented at the hearing.

“Transmedium means that it goes from one domain into another. In this case, it looks like it goes from the air into the water and then back into the air. We assess that it was actually flying over the airport the entire time,” Kosloski told the panel. “And what appears to be the transmedium part, where it goes into the water, is actually where the temperature of the water is equal to the temperature of the object and the camera can no longer distinguish between the two. It’s not that the object actually goes into the water. And so we assess that the object, likely a pair of balloons or sky lanterns, was floating at about seven knots over the airport and descending to about 200 meters.”

AARO officials, who coordinated with the intelligence community and other science-and-technology experts on their evaluation, assess “with high confidence” that the object didn’t demonstrate any anomalous speeds or flight characteristics, according to Kosloski’s charts.

“Two distinct objects were airborne in proximity to each other, rather than a single object splitting into two,” officials wrote, adding that modeling and minimum separation vectors analysis “indicates the illusion of splitting was likely due to the changing angle of sensor view allowing only intermittent views of both objects.” Additionally, the perception of high speed was attributed to “motion parallax.”

Another high-profile UAP event, dubbed Go Fast, took place off the coast of Florida in January 2016 when a U.S. Navy aircraft recorded a mysterious object.

“The Go Fast … captured the public attention and congressional attention when it was made public in 2017. [It] looks like an object flying very fast over the water, very close to the water. Through a very careful geospatial intelligence analysis, using trigonometry, we assess with high confidence that the object is not actually close to the water, but is rather closer to 13,000 feet,” Kosloski said. “As the platform is flying and capturing the object, if it is closer to the platform at a higher altitude, a trick of the eye called ‘parallax’ makes it look like the object is moving much faster.”

He said AARO officials wrote a paper on parallax that was released on the organization’s website so that the public “can literally check our math on this analysis.”

Footage of another UAP discussed at the hearing, which Kosloski suggested was less well known, was captured by an American drone. His presentation referred to it as the “Mt. Edna Object,” which is depicted as “seemingly passing through the volcano’s plume with no apparent impact to its performance, altitude and bearing.”

“An interesting case, which I don’t believe the public is familiar with, is captured in 2018 from a UAV flying in the Mediterranean watching Mount Etna as it was erupting. And it appears that that object is flying through the plume of superheated gas and ash. This was a rather difficult case to resolve. We had to pull in support from a number of IC and S&T partners and even reach out to a volcanologist. And through very detailed remodeling and pixel-by-pixel analysis of the object as it’s traversing across the clouds, they assess that the object was actually 170 meters away from the plume and not flying through it,” he said.

Analysts used full-motion video, analysis software, 3D modeling, and “novel” speed and distance calculation techniques to inform their assessment, according to Kosloski’s presentation.

“AARO and its partners disproved the obiect flew through the ash plume by conducting an analysis of the luminosity of the object’s pixels in elation to a sample range of pixels immediately around it,” officials wrote.

These examples were just a few of the more than 1,600 UAP reports that AARO has received to date. Last week, the Pentagon released its fiscal 2024 consolidated annual report about its work and findings related to these efforts and briefed reporters.

Among AARO’s closed cases from the May 1, 2023 to June 1, 2024 time period, about 70 precent of the UAP were deemed to have been balloons, 16 percent drones, eight percent birds, four percent satellites and two percent aircraft, according to the report.

To date, AARO has not discovered any verifiable evidence of extraterrestrial beings, activity or technology, Kosloski told senators at the hearing.

There are concerns among lawmakers and others that some UAP cases could be advanced drones developed by foreign adversaries. Some officials are hoping that sensor technologies developed to aid AARO’s work will be used to help detect unmanned aerial systems.

The Pentagon’s UAP report released last week noted that the office has a prototype system called Gremlin that the Defense Department is deploying.

The Georgia Tech Research Institute developed the Gremlin sensor architecture, according to the report. The technology has “several sensing modalities to detect, track, characterize and identify UAP in areas of interest,” officials wrote.

The document contained a diagram of an architecture that included a Gremlin “network stack” connected to long-range electro-optical/infrared sensors, 2D search radar, 3D radar and an RF spectrum monitor. It also included ADS-B, NAS, GPS, satellite communications, and cellular and copper/fiber links.

The Gremlin capability “demonstrated functionality and successfully collected data” during a test event earlier this year, per the report.

The department is now using the technology to conduct what officials are calling “pattern of life collection” at an unspecified “national security” site.

At Tuesday’s hearing, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, D-N.Y., chair of the subcommittee, noted her concerns about drone incidents near sensitive national security facilities such as Langley Air Force Base.

“UAS continue to pose significant threats to our national security. In addition to safety of flight issues these UAS create for our own pilots and air crew, the UAS present clear and undeniable counterintelligence concerns around some of the most sensitive airspace. While standard UAS are not part of AARO’s mission, your work on sensors at military installations across the country will be critical to making sure that we have the domain awareness necessary to accurately identify and track these objects,” she told Kosloski. “I expect your office to also pay close attention to any anomalous characteristics that these systems could present in the future.”

The AARO chief was asked by lawmakers how he envisioned his organization assisting the U.S. military and intelligence community with analyzing and identifying drones.

“We are generally going to be supporting them through an advisory capacity as an organization that naturally needs to conduct baseline experiments of the environment to see what normal looks like, whether it’s balloons, birds, anomalous activity, or drones flying through an environment. We’re going to gather a lot of data that will allow us to characterized an environment very well, and then detect and follow those tracks, hopefully rather efficiently. There’s also a lot of overlap in the type of sensors that are going to be used for the counter-UAS mission and the UAP mission, whether that’s active detection, like radars or passive like cameras. And so as AARO is trying to push the bounds on detectability for UAP, we’re hopefully going to have best practices that we can also provide to the counter-UAS [community], and potentially we might have additional technologies that we can offer them to support,” Kosloski said.

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The hearing with the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities comes on the heels of the release of the Pentagon’s fiscal 2024 consolidated annual report on UAP.

UAP, an acronym that refers to unidentified anomalous phenomena, is a modern term for UFOs and mysterious transmedium objects.

AARO leader Jon Kosloski told DefenseScoop and other reporters last week that his organization has received over 1,600 UAP reports to date, stating that officials have “taken meaningful steps to improve data collection and retention, bolster sensor development, effectively triage UAP reports and reduce the stigma of reporting a UAP event.”

A new AARO-related technology that could be discussed in Tuesday’s hearing is a prototype system called Gremlin that the Defense Department is deploying. The Georgia Tech Research Institute developed the Gremlin sensor architecture, according to the report that was publicly released last week. The technology has “several sensing modalities to detect, track, characterize and identify UAP in areas of interest,” officials wrote.

The document contained a diagram of an architecture that included a Gremlin “network stack” connected to long-range electro-optical/infrared sensors, 2D search radar, 3D radar and an RF spectrum monitor. It also included ADS-B, NAS, GPS, satellite communications, and cellular and copper/fiber links.

The Gremlin capability “demonstrated functionality and successfully collected data” during a test event earlier this year, per the report.

The department is now using the technology to conduct what officials are calling “pattern of life collection” at a “national security” site. Kosloski declined to identify the location during his recent meeting with reporters.

Lawmakers have raised concerns that some UAP could be advanced capabilities possessed by U.S. foes.

Kosloski told reporters that his office hasn’t confirmed that any UAP activities are attributable to foreign adversaries, or discovered any evidence of extraterrestrial beings, activity or technology.

However, there are “interesting cases that I — with my physics and engineering background and time in the [intelligence community] — I do not understand and I don’t know anybody else who understands,” he said.

Meanwhile, lawmakers are pushing to increase transparency about how the Pentagon is handling UAP reports and evidence. Members of the House Committee on Oversight and Accountability held a hearing on the topic just last week.

The upcoming Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities hearing with Kosloski is expected to include an open session and a closed-door meeting. Lawmakers, particularly members of the congressional armed services committees, sometimes hold closed sessions with Defense Department officials to discuss classified information.

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The office’s new director Jon Kosloski detailed those and other updates during an off-camera press briefing at the Pentagon on Thursday, marking his first open engagement with reporters in this capacity since he assumed the role in August.

“AARO has taken meaningful steps to improve data collection and retention, bolster sensor development, effectively triage UAP reports and reduce the stigma of reporting a UAP event. In the coming year, AARO will prioritize building partnerships, promoting increased transparency and scaling up the work of the office,” Kosloski said.

‘Interesting sightings’

In his opening statement before taking reporters’ questions, Kosloski confirmed that his team briefed congressional staff this week and delivered the previously mandated fiscal 2024 Consolidated Annual Report on UAP.

The newly released, almost 20-page document includes explanations and multiple graphics to display officials’ data-based findings and notable trends about these potential anomalies that could threaten U.S. national security.

Kosloski said AARO has received over 1,600 UAP reports to date. Included in those are the 757 new reports that were submitted between May 1, 2023 and June 1, 2024 — the time period that this analysis covers.

“AARO has successfully resolved hundreds of cases in its holdings to commonplace objects such as balloons, birds, drones, satellites and aircraft. Meanwhile, over 900 reports lack sufficient scientific data for analysis and are retained in our active archive. These cases may be reopened and resolved should additional information emerge to support analysis,” he told reporters. 

In response to follow-up questions, he noted that his team has been able to pull certain cases out of that archive based on new information they gained through their outreach and efforts. Some instances turned out to be ultimately not UAP, but happenings associated with SpaceX’s Starlink internet-enabling satellite constellation.

“We had several folks over the period, I think it was multiple months, [who] were seeing interesting activity in the sky. And we found that — because we’re continuously looking back at that active archive and looking for correlations across those incidents, but also new incidents coming in — we found some of those correlations in time, the direction that they were looking and the location, and we’re able to assess that they were, all in those cases, looking at Starlink flares,” Kosloski explained. 

Offering a quick look into processes behind the scenes, he said once AARO insiders do resolve a UAP case as a drone or other human-made object, they pass it on for awareness and further studies at the military sites they appeared near, such as Langley Air Force Base, which he explicitly named.

“So those investigations are conducted by somebody else — and we’re focusing on the truly anomalous where we don’t understand the activity,” Kosloski said. 

Several times during the briefing he underscored the inclusions within the report stating that at this point the office has “discovered no evidence of extraterrestrial beings, activity or technology” — or confirmations that any UAP activities are attributable to foreign adversaries. 

Regarding DOD-specific incursions, AARO officials wrote in the report that “U.S. military aircrews provided two reports that identified flight safety concerns, and three reports described pilots being trailed or shadowed by UAP.”

Further, the report also suggests that, so far, the office has no verified indications that any potential adversarial foreign governments may have achieved a breakthrough capability.

“Lots of people, lots of organizations, have different definitions. The working definition that we’ve been using informally inside of our office — and we are working on more formal definitions for the different domains, for space, the air domain and the undersea domain — but the general definition is ‘beyond state-of-the-art today, and beyond where we think that we could get in the next couple years,’” Kosloski told DefenseScoop at the briefing.

The AARO chief noted that he’s drawn to tough scientific problems like his office’s mission, and he was therefore interested in joining as chief after more than two decades at the National Security Agency, where he conducted advanced research in the areas of optics, computing and crypto-mathematics.

“There are interesting cases that I — with my physics and engineering background and time in the [intelligence community] — I do not understand and I don’t know anybody else who understands,” Kosloski told reporters.

His team is now gathering information from eyewitnesses, video footage and other data sources to make sense of the incidents, which he suggested occurred pretty recently and repeatedly in the last year-and-a-half.

“Until we get the information approved for release, I’d rather not say where those sightings were, but [they’re] definitely interesting sightings,” Kosloski said. 

AARO’s next moves

According to Kosloski, AARO currently employs about “several dozen folks,” but the “power of the office” also stems from its partnerships across the intelligence community, DOD and perhaps academia in the near future.

His remarks in the briefing and multiple sections of the new unclassified report spotlight various new pursuits and research coming to fruition under his leadership.

For instance, he confirmed AARO’s prototype sensor system for detecting, tracking and characterizing UAP — known as Gremlin — is conducting a 90-day pattern-of-life collection at a national security site.

“It’s currently deployed. We’d rather not say exactly where it is, because we want it to be an unbiased test, and don’t want to invite folks to come and do flyovers and test against the system. We chose that specific location because of the environment. We expect there to be a lot of variety in the types of things that we’re going to see. And there have been UAP reports in that general area,” Kosloski told DefenseScoop. 

Right now, his team of experts recognize that they have “this geographic bias where we are getting reports near the national security sites, but we also have a bias from pilots and other security personnel” — so they need to build a baseline for reference.

“We want to have a better understanding of what ‘normal’ looks like near those national security sites. And then eventually we’ll be expanding our baseline investigations to other areas in the U.S. to look at what ‘normal’ looks like away from national security sites,” he said. 

AARO officials also aim to expand the office’s international partnerships with some of America’s closest allies next year, to try to access more data and information to inform its investigations. 

Among other efforts, they’re planning to host what Kosloski called a “declassification workshop” to ensure personnel feel equipped and primed for implementing best practices from across the DOD and IC.

Building momentum from ongoing engagement campaigns, officials want to follow up with education campaigns, as Kosloski put it, “so that as we’re increasing the number of accounts that come to us, we’re not just getting more of the noise, and trying to keep it focused on the interesting.”

He also confirmed AARO’s intent to release the second volume of its congressionally-directed historical record report in the next few months.

Notably, Thursday’s briefing was held one day after the latest hearing lawmakers hosted to spotlight contemporary needs for UAP oversight. Regarding concerns raised there around the Pentagon’s transparency about AARO’s unfolding reviews and largely secretive work, Kosloski said his team is open to engaging with “everybody.”

“We’ve been meeting with a variety of folks, from whistleblowers through staffers. And we encourage anybody with direct information to come to us, go to our secure reporting mechanism on the website — and when we get that, we’ll reach out to them and schedule a meeting in the [sensitive compartmented information facility or SCIF]. And Congress has enabled us to receive all sensitive information, regardless of classification or NDAs they may have signed. We receive that information, and we follow up on every tip that they provide us,” he told DefenseScoop.

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Kosloski — who assumed this role on detail from the National Security Agency — will oversee all of the DOD’s work to address possible incidents involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (or UAP, the modern term for UFOs that encompasses objects that can also operate in space or underwater) impacting the U.S. military.

“As the AARO director, Dr. Kosloski will head DOD’s efforts, in coordination with the Intelligence Community, to minimize technical and intelligence surprise by synchronizing scientific, intelligence, and operational detection, identification, attribution, and mitigation of [UAP] in the vicinity of national security areas,” Pentagon Press Secretary Maj. Gen. Pat Ryder told reporters Monday during an off-camera briefing.

The department has employed multiple previous, and more secretive, iterations of UAP-investigating teams over the past few decades. But Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks formally established AARO in July 2022 in response to then-growing calls for more transparency from Congress, whistleblowers and the broader American public on this historically controversial topic.

At the time of its launch, Hicks named Sean Kirkpatrick as AARO’s first permanent director. He led the office for its initial 18 months. Following Kirkpatrick’s departure in late 2023, Tim Phillips stepped up to serve as AARO’s acting director during the hiring process for the next chief.

“Dr. Kosloski brings extensive experience working in multiple scientific fields, including quantum optics and crypto-mathematics, as well as leading mission-oriented research and analysis teams,” Ryder said.

Before joining AARO, Kosloski held a variety of technical and leadership positions in NSA’s Research Directorate — including as the spy agency’s subject matter expert in free space optics. According to his official DOD bio, Kosloski also invented an “advanced language-agnostic search engine” and served at the DOD Special Communications Enterprise Office.

“[Kosloski] possesses the unique set of scientific and technical skills, policy knowledge, and proven leadership experience required to enhance AARO’s efforts to research and explain unidentified anomalous phenomena to the department, Congress, and the American people,” Hicks said in a statement.

Among Kosloski’s primary early responsibilities as the office’s newest director will be supporting the team’s ongoing production of a second volume of congressionally-mandated reports detailing AARO’s caseload of resolved and unresolved UAP incidents.

AARO’s “Volume I Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with UAP” was released in March.

In response to DefenseScoop’s questions on Monday, Ryder said that officials at AARO “continue to conduct their review [for volume two], but we don’t have anything further to announce in terms of the timing of the report at this time.”

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